Summary of the first chapter of the book: "Enzyme chokes and Other drugs metabolized xenobiotics, ed. by Costas Ioannides, edition Wiley
Most people hear the word 'chemical' feel to products produced by man, and you do not pay attention to natural chemicals, but in fact 99.9% of revenue chemicals that humans eat are natural, derived largely from plants. These are chemicals that plants produce to protect themselves and are therefore biologically active and therefore able to modulate our physiological processes. The main source of chemical exposure is through food. More food may be contaminated by chemicals present in packaging or products during storage. Finally carcinogenic chemicals are generated during cooking. But the natural chemicals are not necessarily harmful to the body, constituting some plants, such as flavonoids in tea or organosulphates of garlic instead have anti-carcinogenic properties.
The chemicals can be used by the body to generate energy or build new tissue, so they are called xenobiotics: they are recognized as foreign by the body and are eliminated through various biochemical processes. The body has developed numerous enzyme systems that convert lipophilic xenobiotics are poorly excreted by the body, xenobiotics hydrophilic, easily removed and are less likely to accumulate in the body to cause toxicity. If such defense mechanisms did not exist the human body could not survive the constant supply of chemicals (natural).
xenobiotic metabolism
The transformation is done in 2 phases: Phase I and Phase II. The enzymes that contribute to this metabolism are found in all tissues, but particularly in the liver, which is therefore the main arena are metabolized xenobiotics.
Metabolism of xenobiotics by the intestinal flora
The microorganisms in the intestinal flora are particularly suited to perform the transformations of reduction, especially the nitro and azo-reduction, and catalyze reactions Hydraulic.
Phase I metabolic pathways
biochemical processes of phase I are the aromatic hydroxylation, the epoxidation, aliphatic hydroxylation, dealkylation reactions, oxidation of nitrogen and sulfur, the oxidative deamination, the oxidative dehalogeneration the nitroreduction the azoréduction, the reductive dehalogenation, hydrolysis. After passing phase I chemical components are no less harmful to the body, sometimes more, but they are cons ready for chemical reactions in Phase II.
Phase II metabolic pathways
The glucuronide conjugation especially for phenols and alcohols, and is an important step in the metabolism of aromatic amines which are carcinogenic. The
sulfate conjugation by which inorganic sulfate is added. This is the most important pathway for the metabolism of phenols and is very effective as the inorganic sulfate is available in the body . The
glutathione conjugation is a major pathway of cell defense against attacks chemicals. This reaction is catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase.
The amino acid conjugation: glycine, glutamine, taurine and ornithine may be used to this type of conjugation.
Hydration: is the addition of water to epoxides to form dihydroliols. The methylation
plays a minor role in the metabolism of xenobiotics but a major role in the metabolism of endogenous substrates such as noradrenaline. The natural polyphenols such as tea is metabolized via methylation.
The acetylation is an important pathway for aromatic and heterocyclic amines.
bioactivation of xenobiotics
A paradox of the metabolism of xenobiotics st with certain chemicals both Phase I and Phase II can generate highly reactive electrophilic metabolites that can irreversibly interact with cellular macromolecules vital as DNA, RNA or proteins and cause various types of toxicity. This is called bioactivation. These reactive intermediates may also confer protein antigen and a potential cause immunotoxicity. The intestinal flora can also participate in bioactivaction chemicals. The mechanism of protection against the most efficient intermediate products is their detoxification via conjugation with the tripeptide glutathione. This process makes it sufficiently polar to be extracted. But the lack of glutathione from over exposure to chemicals or to poor nutrition renders the cell vulnerable to the toxicity of xenobiotics.
Balance / off
The susceptibility of an animal species to the toxicity or carcinogenic activity of a chemical depends largely on its enzymes at the time of exposure, which determines whether activation or deactivation routes are chosen. The combination sulphate and glucuronic acid may be saturated in the absence of active sulphate (PAPS) and glucuronic acid (UDPGA). Genetic defects in the systems of conjugation can lead to an increased sensitivity to the toxicity of chemicals that are dependent on these enzymes. For eg humans syndrome Crigler-Najjar causes almost total deactivation of glucoronyl transferase: These patients are unable to eliminate bilirubin via glucuronidation, and develop jaundice.
Conclusion
The majority of chemicals are harmless in the strict sense is the body that makes them toxic via metabolism. While one is better able to distinguish different phenotypes in humans, it might seem appropriate to speak of individuals and toxicophiles toxicophobiques according to their ability to detoxify bioactivate or chemicals. Knowledge of individual metabolic capacities would identify individuals vulnerable to certain chemicals.
My comment on this book : We find in this book on biochemistry, which n'aa priori nothing to do with autism, many concepts developed by the DEN, eg by utility capital sulfate, or glutathione. And also the logical explanation of possible differences between individuals leading to food intolerances to others tolerate well. In tests that were done to my son he had a high level of bilirubin and other factors suggesting a problem in the mitochondria. The laboratory tests that had been made (to the hospital where he had his diagnosis) showed several factors indicating good metabolic disorders, yet no doctor is paying attention.
It is precisely by following the logic of DAN, which is ultimately a biochemical sense, in addition to eliminating gluten and casein, colorings, flavorings, foods of the Feingold diet, making him take sulfur (MSM), bringing sulfate bath (baking soda), glutathione, in balancing the intestinal flora, I got a sharp reduction in symptoms and physical wellness.
I will not summarize the whole book is very complex and probably only a biochemist could understand.
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